Preservation of electronic information:

a bibliography

Michael Day
UKOLN: The UK Office for Library and Information Networking,
University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ukoln/staff/m.day.html
m.day@ukoln.ac.uk

I have been interested in the preservation of information in digital form since the late 1980s when I wrote a dissertation on the subject as part of a Master of Arts degree in Library and Information Studies (1989) at Loughborough University of Technology. The aim of the bibliography is to indicate some relevant resources, with annotations and where possible some links to documents. The bibliography is updated from time-to-time.

Interest in preserving electronic information began in the 1970s within the archive community and the articles listed here by Dollar, Fishbein and Bell represent this initial period. The 1980s saw more concern with the development of electronic publications so libraries started to look at some of the preservation problems that these would create. In the UK, for example, the BNBRF (British National Bibliography Research Fund) funded some research studies that were produced by Hills, Sturges and Blake. In more recent years the US Commission on Preservation and Access (now part of the Council on Library and Information Resources) has sponsored important research in this area, and it jointly commissioned with the Research Libraries Group the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information that published its "seminal" report in 1996. Publications of the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) are available from its Web pages at: <URL:http://www.clir.org/> (Last visited: 12-Dec-2000).

Also useful are:

Abid, A., Memory of the World: preserving our documentary heritage. Paris: UNESCO, Information and Informatics Division, July 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.unesco.org/webworld/memory/Abid.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Outlines the main features of the UNESCO programme "Memory of the World" which is designed to increase awareness of the significance of documentary heritage. It is not primarily concerned with digital preservation, but the digitization of selected historical collections. The paper is an English translation of an article (Mémoire du monde: préserver notre patrimoine documentaire) published in Bulletin des bibliothèques françaises, T. 42, No. 2, 1997,

Acland, G., Cumming, K. and McKemmish, S., The end of the beginning: the SPIRT Recordkeeping Metadata Project. Paper delivered at the Australian Society of Archivists 1999 Conference, Archives at Risk: Accountability, Vulnerability and Credibility, Brisbane, 29-31 July 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.archivists.org.au/events/conf99/spirt.html> (Last visited: 29-Nov-1999)
Available from: <URL:http://www.sims.monash.edu.au/rcrg/publications/asaq99.html> (Last visited: 12-Dec-2000)

Acland, G., Reed, B. and McKemmish, S., Documenting business: the Australian Recordkeeping Metadata Schema. Paper for: ADCS'99, Australasian Document Computing Symposium, December 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.sims.monash.edu.au/rcrg/publications/adcs.html> (Last visited: 12-Dec-2000)

Ashley, K., NDAD: the UK National Digital Archive of Datasets. In: Electronic access: archives in the new millennium: proceedings, 3-4 June 1999. London: Public Record Office, 1999, pp. 49-51.

Ashley, K., Digital archive costs: facts and fallacies. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records - European citizens and electronic information: the memory of the information society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement IV. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000, pp. 121-128.

Australian Archives, Keeping electronic records: policy for electronic recordkeeping in the Commonwealth Government. Dickson: Australian Archives, 1995.
Available from: <URL:http://www.naa.gov.au/govserv/techpub/elecrecd/KeepingER.html> (Last visited: 06-May-1999)

Bailey, C.W., Scholarly electronic publishing bibliography. Houston, Tex.: University of Houston Libraries, 1996-97.
Available from: <URL:http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html> (Last visited: 12-Dec-2000)

Currently in Version 34: December 2000. The section on "Information integrity and preservation" is at <URL:http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/lbinteg.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999).

Barata, K., Bibliography on electronic records. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences, 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/bibtc.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Beagrie, N. and Greenstein, D., A strategic policy framework for creating and preserving digital collections. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. eLib Supporting Study P3. London: South Bank University, Library Information Technology Centre, 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://ahds.ac.uk/manage/framework.htm> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Bearman, D., Optical media: their implications for archives and museums. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, 1 (1). Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1987.

Bearman, D., Archival methods. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, 3 (1). Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1989.

Bearman, D., An indefensible bastion: archives as repository in the electronic age. In: Bearman, D., (ed.) Archival management of electronic records. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, No. 13. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1991, 14-24.

Bearman, D., Diplomatics, Weberian bureaucracy, and the management of electronic records in Europe and America. American Archivist, 55, 1992, 168-181. Reprinted in: Bearman, D., Electronic evidence. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, 254-277.

Bearman, D., Archival principles and the electronic office. In: Menne-Haritz, A., (ed.), Information handling in offices and archives. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1993, 177-193. Reprinted in: Bearman, D., Electronic evidence. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, 146-175.

Bearman, D., Archival data management to achieve organizational accountability for electronic records. Archives and Manuscripts, 21, 1993, 14-28. Reprinted in: Bearman, D., Electronic evidence. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, 12-33.

Bearman, D., Record-keeping systems. Archivaria, 36, 1993, 16-36. Reprinted in: Bearman, D., Electronic evidence. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, 34-70.

Bearman, D., The implications of Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President for the archival management of electronic records. American Archivist, 56, 1993, 674-689. Reprinted in: Bearman, D., Electronic evidence. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994, 118-144.

Bearman, D., Electronic evidence: strategies for managing records in contemporary organizations. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994.

Bearman, D., Archival issues in a computing environment. In: Playing for keeps: the proceedings of an Electronic Records Management Conference hosted by the Australian Archives, Canberra, Australia, 8-10 November 1994.
Available from: <URL:http://www.naa.gov.au/govserv/techpub/keeps/Bearman_Paper.htm> (Last visited: 06-May-1999)
Available from: <URL:http://www.naa.gov.au/govserv/techpub/keeps/Bearman_Present.htm> (Last visited: 06-May-1999)

Bearman, D., Virtual Archives. ICA Meeting, Beijing, September 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/prog6.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Bearman, D., Reality and Chimeras in the Preservation of Electronic Records. D-Lib Magazine, 5 (4), April 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/bearman/04bearman.html> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Bearman, D. and Duff, W., Grounding archival description in the functional requirements for evidence. Archivaria, 41, 1996, 275-281.

Bearman, D. and Hedstrom, M., Reinventing archives for electronic records: alternative service delivery options. In: Hedstrom, M. (ed.) Electronic records management program strategies. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, 18. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1993, 82-98.

Bearman, D. and Lytle, R.H., The power of the principle of provenance. Archivaria, 21, 1985-86, 14-27.

Bearman, D. and Trant, J., Electronic Records Research Working Meeting, May 28-30, 1997: a report from the archives community. D-Lib Magazine, July/August 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july97/07bearman.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Bearman, D. and Trant, J., Authenticity of digital resources: towards a statement of requirements in the research process. D-Lib Magazine, June 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june98/06bearman.html> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Bell, L., The archival implications of machine-readable records. Archivum, 26 (1), 1979, 85-92.

Bennett, J.C., A framework of data types and formats, and issues affecting the long-term preservation of digital material. JISC/NPO studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 50. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/jisc-npo50/bennet.html> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Bikson, T.K. and Frinkling, E.J., Preserving the present: toward viable electronic records. The Hague: Sdu Publishers, 1993.

Binns, S.E., Bowen, D.V. and Murdock, A., Migration strategies within an electronic archive: practical experience and future research. Archives and Museum Informatics, 11 (3/4), 1997, pp. 301-306.

Blake, M., Aspects of electronic archives. Electronic Publishing Review, 6, 1986, 151-167.

Blake, M., Archiving of electronic publications. Electronic Library, 7 (6), 1989, 376-386.

Blake, M., Practices of printers in relation to electronic archiving. Electronic Library, 8 (4), 1990, 239-243.

Blake, R., Electronic Records from Office Systems (EROS). In: Electronic access: archives in the new millennium: proceedings, 3-4 June 1999. London: Public Record Office, 1999, pp. 52-58.

Bowling, M.B., Literature on the preservation of nonpaper materials. American Archivist, 53, 1990, 340-348.

Brichford, M. and Maher, W., Archival issues in network electronic publications. Library Trends, 43 (4), 1995, 701-712.

British Library Research and Innovation Centre, Proposal for the legal deposit of non-print publications. London: BLRIC, 1996.

British Library, Legal deposit of publications: a consultation paper - response from the British Library. London: British Library, 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://portico.bl.uk/information/legal-deposit.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

British Library Working Party on Electronic Publishing. Vickers, P and Martyn, J. (eds.), The impact of electronic publishing on library services and resources in the UK. Library and Information Research Report 102. London: British Library, 1994.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/lirr102/> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Calmes, A.R., To archive and preserve: a media primer. Inform, 1 (5), 1987, 14-17, 33.

Calmes, A.R., Relative longevity of various archival recording media. In: Proceedings of conservation in archives: International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1988, 207-221.

Coleman, J. and Willis, D., SGML as a framework for digital preservation and access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1997.

Committee on Preservation, Subcommittee C, White paper: strategic technology considerations relative to the preservation and storage of human and machine readable records prepared for the National Archives and Records Service (NARS) ... 1994. Western Association of Map Libraries Information Bulletin, 16 (3), 1985, 312-324.

Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL), Working Group, The legal deposit of electronic publications, chaired by Brian Lang. Paris: UNESCO, 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.unesco.org/webworld/memory/legaldep.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Conway, P., Digitizing preservation. Library Journal, 1 February 1994, 42-45.

Conway, P., Preservation in the digital world. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996.

Conway, P., Selecting mirofilm for digital preservation: a case study from Project Open Book. Library Resources & Technical Services, 41 (1), 1996, 67-77.

Cook, T., From information to knowledge: an intellectual paradigm for archives. Archivaria, 19, 1984-85, 28-49.

Cook, T., The archival appraisal of records containing personal information: a RAMP study with guidelines. PGI-91/WS/3. Paris: UNESCO, General Information Programme and UNISIST, 1984.

Cook, T., Easy to byte, harder to chew: the second generation of electronic records archives. Archivaria, 33, 1991-92, 202-216.

Cook, T., The impact of David Bearman on modern archival thinking: an essay of personal reflection and critique. Archives and Museum Informatics, 11, 1997, 15-37.

Cox, R.J., Electronic information technology and the archivist: bright lights, lingering concerns. American Archivist, 55, 1992, 232-234.

Cox, R.J. (comp.), Readings in archives and electronic records: annotated bibliography and analysis of the literature. In: Hedstrom, M. (ed.) Electronic records management program strategies. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, No. 18. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1993, 97-152.

Cox, R.J., The first generation of electronic records archivists in the United States: a study in professionalization. Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 1994.

Cox, R.J., More than diplomatic: functional requirements for evidence in recordkeeping. Records Management Journal, 7 (1), 1997, pp. 21-30.

Cox, R.J., Access in the digital information age and the archival mission: the United States. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 19 (1), 1998, 25-40.

Cox, R.J., American archivists, cyberculture, and stasis. Paper delivered at: Cyber, Hyper or Resolutely Jurassic? Archivists and the Millenium, University College Dublin, 2-3 October 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ucd.ie/~archives/coxart.html> (Last visited: 29-Nov-1999)

Cunningham, A., Journey to the end of the night: custody and the dawning of a new era on the archival threshold. Archives and Manuscripts, 24 (2), 1996, pp. 312-321.

Day, M.W., Preservation problems of electronic text and data. East Midlands Branch of the Library Association, Occasional papers, no. 3. Loughborough: EMBLA Publications, 1990.

"... gives a comprehensive view of the technology and of the problems it poses for librarians and archivists. It also includes a useful bibliography." G. MacKenzie, In: A reading guide to the preservation of library collections, 1991. The technological parts of this publication are now rather dated.

Day, M.W., Extending metadata for digital preservation. Ariadne, no. 9, May 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue9/metadata/> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Day, M.W., Online serials: preservation issues. In: Jones, W., (ed.), E-serials: publishers, libraries, users, and standards. , The Serials Librarian, Vol. 33, Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 1998, pp. 199-221.

Day, M.W., Metadata for digital preservation: an update. Ariadne, no. 22, December 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue22/metadata/> (Last visited: 12-Jun-2000)

Day, M.W., Resource discovery, interoperability and digital preservation: some aspects of current metadata research and development. VINE, Issue 117, 2000, pp. 35-48.
Pre-print version available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/vine-117/> (Last visited: 10-Aug-2000)

DeWhitt, B.L., Long-term preservation of data on computer magnetic media. Conservation Administration News, (29), 1987, 7, 19 & 28, and: (30), 1987, 4 & 28.

Dodson, S. and Wellbeiser, J. (comp.), Bibliography of standards and selected references related to preservation in libraries. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/resource/presv/eintro.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Dollar, C.M., Documentation of machine-readable records and research: a historian's view. Prologue, 3 (1), 1971, 27-31.

Dollar, C.M., Appraising machine-readable records. American Archivist, 41 (4), 1978, 423-430.

Dollar, C.M., Archival theory and information technologies: the impact of information technologies on archival principles and methods. Macerata: University of Macerata Press, 1992.

Duff, W., Ensuring the preservation of reliable evidence: a research project funded by the NHPRC. Archivaria, 42, 1996, 28-45.

Duranti, L., Reliability and authenticity: the concepts and their implications. Archivaria, 39, 1995, 5-10.

Duranti, L., The future of archival scholarship. Paper delivered at: Cyber, Hyper or Resolutely Jurassic? Archivists and the Millenium, University College Dublin, 2-3 October 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ucd.ie/~archives/lucart.html> (Last visited: 29-Nov-1999)

Duranti, L. and Macneil, H., The protection of the integrity of electronic records: an overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project. Archivaria, 42, 1996, 46-67.

Duranti, L., Eastwood, T. and MacNeil, H., The preservation of the integrity of electronic records. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, School of Library, Archival & Information Studies, 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.slais.ubc.ca/users/duranti/intro.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Duranti, L., The preservation of the integrity of electronic records. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records, Brussels, 18-20 December 1996. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement II. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997, pp. 60-65.

Duranti, L., Permanently authentic electronic records: an international call to action. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records - European citizens and electronic information: the memory of the information society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement IV. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000, pp. 158-163.

Elkington, N.E., Heritage, scholarship and preservation in the digital age. In: Coppock, T., (ed.), Making information available in digital format: perspectives from practitioners. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office, 1999, 38-58-27.

Feeney, M. (ed.), Digital culture: maximising the nation's investment: a synthesis of JISC/NPO studies on the preservation of electronic materials. London: National Preservation Office, 1999.

Fishbein, M.H., Appraising information in machine language form. American Archivist, 35, 1972, 35-43.

Gavrel, K., Conceptual problems posed by electronic records: a RAMP study. PGI-90/WS/12. Paris: UNESCO, General Information Programme and UNISIST, 1990.
Available from: <URL:http://www.unesco.org/webworld/ramp/html/r9012e/r9012e00.htm> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Gavrel, S., Preserving machine-readable records: a reply to John Mallinson. Archivaria, (22), 1986, 153-155.

Geda, C.L., Austin, E.W. and Blouin, F.X. (eds.), Archivists and machine-readable records: proceedings of the Conference on Archival Management of Machine-Readable Records, February 7-10, 1979, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Chicago, Ill.: Society of American Archivists, 1980.

In its day the most comprehensive account of the subject. Includes papers by Allan G. Bogue on US State data and Meyer H. Fishbein on appraisal. There are also descriptions of programs at the Public Archives of Canada (Harold Naugler), the National Archives (Charles M. Dollar) and the Public Record Office (Michael Roper).

Gertz, J., Selection for preservation: a digital solution for illustrated texts. Library Resources & Technical Services, 40 (1), 1997, 380-401.

Graham, P.S., Intellectual preservation and the electronic environment. In: Hirshon, A. (ed.) After the electronic revolution, will you be the first to go? Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections and Technical Services President's Program. Chicago: American Library Association, 18-38.

Graham, P.S., Intellectual preservation: electronic preservation of the third kind. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1994.
Available from: <URL:http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/graham/intpres.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Graham, P.S., Long-term intellectual preservation. In: Elkington, N.E., (ed.) Digital imaging technology for preservation: proceedings from an RLG Symposium held March 17 and 18, 1994: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 1994, 41-58.

Graham, P.S., Requirements for the digital research library. College and Research Libraries, 56 (4), 1995, 331-339.

Graham, P.S., Building the digital research library: preservation and access at the heart of scholarship. Follett Lecture Series, Leicester University, 19 March 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/follett/graham/paper.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Haddad, P. and Jones, M., Electronic publishing: access, bibliographic and preservation issues: report to the Electronic Publishing Working Group, Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995.
Available from: <URL:http://www.adfa.oz.au/EPub/AvccNLA.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Haddad, P. and Jones, M., Electronic publishing: library and archival issues. 1996.
Available from: <URL:http://www.adfa.oz.au/Epub/key/Library.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Haynes, D., Streatfield, D., Jowett, T. and Blake, M., Responsibility for digital archiving and long term access to digital data. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 67. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/jisc-npo67/digital-preservation.html> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Hedstrom, M., Optical disks: are archivists repeating the mistakes of the past? Archives & Museum Informatics Newsletter, 2, 1988, 52.

Hedstrom, M., Understanding electronic incunabula: a framework for research on electronic records. American Archivist, 54 (3), 1991, 334-354.

Hedstrom, M., Archives as repositories: a commentary. In: Bearman, D., (ed.) Archival management of electronic records. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, No. 13. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1991, 25-30.

Hedstrom, M., Descriptive practices for electronic records: deciding what is essential and imagining what is possible. Archivaria, 36, 1993, 53-63.

Hedstrom, M., Electronic archives: integrity and access in the network environment. In: Kenna, S. and Ross, S. (eds.), Networking in the humanities: proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK, 13-16 April, 1994. London: Bowker-Saur, 1995, 77-95.

Hedstrom, M., Preserving the intellectual record: a view from the archives. In: Dempsey, L., Law, D. and Mowat, I. (eds.) Networking and the Future of Libraries 2: managing the intellectual record. London: Library Association Publishing, 1995, 179-191.

Hedstrom, M., Digital preservation: a time bomb for digital libraries. Computers and the Humanities, 31 (3), 1997, pp. 189-202.

Hedstrom, M., Research issues in migration and long-term preservation. Archives and Museum Informatics, 11 (3/4), 1997, pp. 287-292.

Hedstrom, M., Interfaces with time. Keynote paper delivered at the Australian Society of Archivists Conference, 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.sims.monash.edu.au/rcrg/consulting/hedstrom.html> (Last visited: 29-Nov-1999)

Hedstrom, M. and Montgomery, S., Digital preservation needs and requirements in RLG member institutions: a study commissioned by the Research Libraries Group. Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, December 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.rlg.org/preserv/digpres.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Hendley, A.M., The archival storage potential of microfilm, magnetic media and optical data disks: a comparison based on a literature review. BNB Research Fund report, 10. Bayfordbury: National Reprographic Centre for documentation (NRCd), 1983.

Hendley, A.M., Videodiscs, compact discs and Digital Optical Disks: an introduction to the technologies and the systems and their potential for information storage, retrieval and dissemination. Cimtech publication, 23. Hatfield: National Centre for Information Media and Technology (Cimtech), 1985.

Hendley, A.M., CD-ROM and optical publishing systems: an assessment of the impact of the optical read only memory systems on the information industry and a comparison between them and traditional paper, microfilm and on-line publishing systems. Cimtech publication, 26. BNB Research Fund report, 25. Hatfield: Cimtech, 1987.

Hendley, T., Comparison of methods and costs of digital preservation. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 106. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1998.

Hills, S., Electronically published material and the archival library. Electronic Publishing Review, 5 (1), 1985, 63-72.

Hofman, J., Shooting at a moving target: the development of a digital repository for the preservation of digital information. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records - European citizens and electronic information: the memory of the information society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement IV. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000, pp. 80-89.

Kahle, B., Preserving the Internet. Scientific American, 276 (3), March 1997, 72-73.

Kenney, A.R., Digital-to-Microfilm Conversion: an interim preservation solution. Library Resources & Technical Services, 37 (4), 1993, 380-401.

Kenney, A.R., Digital to Microfilm Conversion: a demonstration project, 1994-1996. Final Report to the National Endowment for the Humanities. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library, Department of Preservation and Conservation, 1997.
Available from: <URL:http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/com/comfin.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Kenney, A.R. and Conway, P., From analog to digital: extending the preservation tool kit. In: Elkington, N.E., (ed.) Digital imaging technology for preservation: proceedings from an RLG Symposium held March 17 and 18, 1994: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 1995, 11-24.

Kenney, A.R. and Personius, L.K., The Cornell/Xerox/Commission on Preservation and Access joint study in digital preservation. Report: Phase 1, Digital capture, paper facsimiles and network access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1992.
Available from: <URL:http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/joint/> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Kenney, A.R. and Personius, L.K., A testbed for advancing the role of digital technologies for library preservation and access: final report by Cornell University to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1993.

Kesner, R.M., Automated information management: is there a role for the archivist in the office of the future? Archivaria, (19), 1984-85, 162-172.

Lehmann, K.-D., Making the transitory permanent: the intellectual heritage in a digitized world of knowledge. Daedalus, 125 (4), Fall 1996, 307-329.

Lesk, M., Image formats for preservation and access: a report of the Technology Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1990.
Available from: <URL:http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/lesk/lesk.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Lesk, M., Preservation of new technology: a report of the Technology Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1992.
Available from: <URL:http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/lesk/lesk2.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Lesk, M., Preserving digital objects: recurrent needs and challenges.
Available from: <URL:http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/auspres/aus.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Lievesley, D. and Jones, S., An investigation into the digital preservation needs of universities and research funders: the future of unpublished research materials. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. British Library Research and Innovation Report, 109. London: British Library Research and Innovation Centre, 1998.
Available from: <URL:http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/blri109/> (Last visited: 18-Jun-1999)

Lord, P.W., Strategies and tactics for managing electronic data records: a view from the pharmaceutical industry. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records, Brussels, 18-20 December 1996. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement II. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997, pp. 168-174.

Lukesh, S.S., E-mail and potential loss to future archives and scholarship or the dog that didn't bark. First Monday, 4 (9, 6 September 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue4_9/lukesh/index.html> (Last visited: 04-Oct-1999)

Lynch, C.A., Rethinking the integrity of the scholarly record in the networked information age. Educom Review, 29 (2), March/April 1994.
Available from: <URL:http://www.educause.edu/pub/er/review/reviewArticles/29238.html> (Last visited: 17-Jun-1999)

Lynch, C.A., The integrity of digital information: mechanics and definitional issues. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45 (10), 1994, 737-744.

Lynch, C.A., Integrity issues in electronic publishing. In: Peek, R.P. and Newby, G.B., (eds.), Scholarly publishing: the electronic frontier. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996, 133-145.

Lynch, C.A., Canonicalization: a fundamental tool to facilitate preservation and management of digital information. D-Lib Magazine, 5 (9), September 1999.
Available from: <URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/09lynch.html> (Last visited: 04-Oct-1999)

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Michelson, A. and Rothenberg, J., Scholarly communication and information technology: exploring the impact of changes in the research process on archives. American Archivist, 55, 1992, 236-315.

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National Archives of Australia, Recordkeeping Metadata Standard for Commonwealth Agencies. Canberra: National Archives of Australia, 1999.
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National Library of Canada, Electronic Collections Coordinating Group, Networked electronic publications policy and guidelines. Ottawa: National Library Of Canada, October 1998.
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Naugler, H., The archival appraisal of machine-readable records: a RAMP study with guidelines. PGI-84/WS/27. Paris: UNESCO, General Information Programme and UNISIST, 1984.

Neavill, G.B., Electronic publishing, libraries and the survival of information. Library Resources & Technical Services, 28, 1984, 76-89.

Neavill, G.B. and Sheblé, M.A., Archiving electronic journals. Serials Review, 21 (4), 1995, 13-21.

Peterson, T.H., Machine-readable records as archival materials. Archivum, 35, 1989, 83-88.

Ratcliffe, F.W. and Patterson, D., Preservation policies and conservation in British libraries: report of the Cambridge University Library Conservation Project. Library and information research report, 25. London: British Library, 1984.

Rayward, W.B., Libraries, museums and archives in the digital future: the blurring of institutional boundaries. Keynote address presented at the 2nd National Preservation Office Conference: Multimedia Preservation - Capturing the Rainbow, in Brisbane, 28-30 November 1995. Canberra: National Library of Australia.
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Reed, B., Electronic records management in transition, Archives and Manuscripts, 22 (1) 1994.
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Reed, B., Texts, frameworks and electronic records. Archives and Manuscripts, 23 (2), 1995.

Reed, B., Metadata: core record or core business? Archives and Manuscripts, 25 (2), 1997, 218-241.
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Reed, B., Electronic records management in Australia. Records Management Journal, (7) 3, December 1997.
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Reed, B., Archives of the new Millenium: exploring the archival issues of the early twenty-first century. Paper presented as the keynote address at the 23rd Annual Conference of Archives and Records Association of New Zealand, Auckland, July 1999.
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Reed, B., Capturing electronic transactional evidence: the future. Paper delivered as Keynote Address to Records Management Association of Australia Conference, e-Business Transactions: Providing Accountability through Effective Recordkeeping, Canberra, March 2000.
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Research Libraries Group, RLG Working Group on Preservation and Reformatting Information, Preliminary report: proposed enhancements to MARC 007 values for Computer files. 7 January 1998.
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Research Libraries Group, RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata, Final report. May 1998.
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Research Libraries Group, RLG Preservation Working Group on Digital Archiving, Preliminary Report: Recommendations for RLG. 14 January 1998.
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Roberts, D., The disposal and appraisal of machine-readable records from the literature. Archives and Manuscripts, 13, 1985, 30-38

Roberts, D., Defining electronic records, documents and data. Archives and Manuscripts, 22, 1994, 14-26.

Roosa, M., Magnetic media preservation: selected bibliography. Fact sheet. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, National Preservation Program Office, 1990.
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Roper, M., New information technology and archives. UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship and Archives Administration, 4 (2), 1982, 107-113.

Roper, M., Advanced technical media: the conservation and storage of audio-visual and machine-readable records. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 7 (2), 1982, 106-112.

Ross, S., Historians, machine-readable information and the past's future. In: Ross, S. and Higgs, E. (eds.) Electronic information resources and historians: European perspectives. Halbgraue Reihe zur historischen Fachinformatik, Serie A: Historische Quellenkunden, Bd. 20. British Library Report 6122. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, 1993, pp. 1-20.

Ross, S., Preserving and maintaining electronic resources in the visual arts for the next century. Information Services & Use, 15 (4), 1995, 373-384.

Ross, S., Opportunities in electronic information, In: Brivati, B., Seldon, A. and Buxton, J. (eds.) Contemporary history: a handbook. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996, 437-450.

Ross, S., Consensus, communication and collaboration: fostering multidisciplinary co-operation in electronic records. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records, Brussels, 18-20 December 1996. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement II. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997, pp. 330-336.

Ross, S., The expanding world of electronic information and the past's future. In: Higgs, E., (ed.) Historians and electronic artefacts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 6-28.

Ross, S., Changing trains at Wigan: digital preservation and the future of scholarship. The JISC/NPO Digital Preservation Strategy Workshop, Scarman House, University of Warwick, 3-4 March 1999.
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Ross, S. and Gow, A., Digital archaeology: rescuing neglected and damaged data resources. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials. eLib Supporting Study P2. London: South Bank University, Library Information Technology Centre, February 1999.
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Rothenberg, J., Ensuring the longevity of digital documents. Scientific American, 272 (1), 1995, 42-47.

Rothenberg J., Avoiding technological quicksand: finding a viable technical foundation for digital preservation. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1999.
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Rothenberg, J., An experiment in using emulation to preserve digital publications. The Hague: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 2000. NEDLIB Report series, 1.
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Rothenberg, J. and Bikson, T., Carrying authentic, understandable and usable digital records through time: report to the Dutch National Archives and Ministry of the Interior. The Hague: Rijksarchiefdienst, 6 August 1999.
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Russell, K., Digital resources into the future: digital preservation and the Cedars project. Serials, 12 (3), 1999, 259-267.

Russell, K. and Sergeant, D., The Cedars project: implementing a model for distributed digital archives. RLG DigiNews, 3 (3), June 1999.
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Russell, K., Weinberger, E. and Stone, A., Preserving digital scholarship: the future is now. Learned Publishing, 12, October 1999, 271-280.

Saffady, W., Optical disks vs. micrographics as document storage & retrieval technologies. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1988.

Saffady, W., Optical disk vs. magnetic storage. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.

Saffady, W., Optical storage technology, 1990-91: a state of the art review. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.

Saffady, W., Stability, care and handling of microforms, magnetic media and optical disks. Library Technology Reports, 27 (1), 1991, 5-116.

Saffady, W., Managing electronic records. Prairie Village, Kan.: Association of Records Managers and Administrators, 1992.

Slavin, T.A., Ensuring authentic electronic records: from requirements to demonstration. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records - European citizens and electronic information: the memory of the information society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement IV. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000, pp. 90-101.

Stielow, F.J., Archival theory and the preservation of electronic media: opportunities and standards below the cutting edge. American Archivist, 55, 1992, 332-343.

Sturges, R.P., Policies and criteria for the archiving of electronic publishing. Journal of Librarianship, 19 (3), 1987, 152-172.

Sturges, R.P., Archival problems of electronic publications. In: Dyer, H. and Tseng, G., (eds.) New horizons for the information profession: meeting the challenge of change: proceedings of the annual conference of the Institute of Information Scientists, University of Warwick, 1987. London: Taylor Graham, 1988, 152-168.

Sturges, R.P., Preservation of electronic archives. Occasional papers in bibliography and librarianship, 16. Wellington, N.Z.: Victoria University of Wellington, Department of Library and Information Studies, 1991.

Thibodeau, K., To be or not to be: archives for electronic records. In: Bearman, D., (ed.) Archival management of electronic records. Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, No. 13. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1991, 1-13.

Thibodeau, K., Moore, R., and Baru, C., Persistent object preservation: advanced computing infrastructure for digital preservation. In: Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records - European citizens and electronic information: the memory of the information society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999. INSAR: European Archives News, Supplement IV. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000, pp. 113-120.

UKOLN: the UK Office for Library and Information Networking, Long term preservation of electronic materials: a JISC/British Library Workshop as part of the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) organised by UKOLN, 27th and 28th November 1995 at the University of Warwick. British Library R&D Report 6238.
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This workshop report includes summaries of papers by Peter S. Graham, Margaret Hedstrom, Daniel I. Greenstein and Tony Hendley

University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences, Functional requirements for evidence in recordkeeping
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Upward, F. and McKemmish, S., Somewhere beyond custody. Archives and Manuscripts, 22 (1) 1994.
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U.S. House Committee on Government Operations, Taking a byte out of history: the archival preservation of Federal computer records. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

Van Bogart, J.W., Magnetic tape storage and handling: a guide for libraries and archives. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1995.

Wallace, D., Metadata and the archival management of electronic records. Archivaria, 36, 1993, 87-110.

Wallace, D., Managing the present: metadata as archival description. Archivaria, 39, 1995, 11-21.

Waters, D.J., Electronic technologies and preservation: [...] based on a presentation to the Annual Meeting of the Research Libraries Group, June 25, 1992.
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Waters, D.J., Electronic technologies and preservation. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1992.
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Waters, D.J., Transforming libraries through digital preservation. In: Elkington, N.E., (ed.) Digital imaging technology for preservation: proceedings from an RLG Symposium held March 17 and 18, 1994: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 1995, 115-127.

Waters, D.J., Some considerations on the archiving of digital information. 1995.
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Waters, D.J., The social organization of archiving digital information [DRAFT]. 1995.
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Waters, D.J., Realizing benefits from inter-institutional agreements: the implications of the draft report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996.

Waters, D.J., Archiving digital information. A presentation to the OCLC Research Library Directors' Conference, Dublin, Ohio, March 12, 1996.
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Waters, D.J., Choices in digital archiving: the American experience. In: Butterworth, I., (ed.) The impact of electronic publishing on the academic community: an international workshop organized by the Academia Europaea and the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, 16-20 April 1997. London: Portland Press, 1998.
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Waters, D. and Garrett, J., (eds.), Preserving digital information: report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996.
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Waters, D.J. and Kenney, A., The Digital Preservation Consortium: mission and goals. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1994.
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Weber, H. and Dörr, M., Digitisation as a method of preservation? Amsterdam: European Commission on Preservation and Access; Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1997.

Weinberg, G.L., The end of Ranke's history? Reflections on the fate of history in the twentieth century. In: Weinberg, G.L. Germany, Hitler and World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 325-336.

Article by academic historian taking a pessimistic view of the future of historical research with reference to the increased security classification of US governmental records, the increased use of computers in society and the challenge of machine-readable records. The article was first published in: Syracuse Scholar, 9 (1), 1988, 51-59. See also his: The end of history? In: American Historical Association Perspectives, 25, Febuary 1987, 16-19.

Werf-Davelaar, T. van der, Long-term preservation of electronic publications: the NEDLIB project. D-Lib Magazine, 5 (9), September 1999.
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Werf-Davelaar, T. van der, Deposit Libraries and the NEDLIB Project. Exploit Interactive, 4, January 2000.
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Williams, B.J.S., Implications for preservation of the newer information media. Information Media and Technology, 19 (10), 1985-86, 13-15.

Williams, B.J.S., Implications for preservation of the newer information media. In: Conservation in crisis: proceedings of a seminar, NPO seminar papers, 1. London: National Preservation Office, 1987, 57-64.

Williamson, R., The Knowledge Warehouse. Library and information research report, 65. London: British Library, 1987.

Williamson, R., Electronic text archiving. Oxford: Elsevier Advanced Technology Publications, 1988.

Winterbottom, D.R. and Fiddes, R.G., Life expectancy of write once digital optical discs. British Library research paper, 66. London: British Library Research and Development Department, 1989.

Yorke, S. (ed.), Playing for Keeps: the Proceedings of an Electronic Records Management Conference hosted by the Australian Archives. Canberra: Australian Archives, 1995.
Available from: <URL:http://www.naa.gov.au/govserv/techpub/keeps/keeps.htm> (Last visited: 06-May-1999)

If you have any comments on this bibliography, please contact Michael Day, Research Officer, UKOLN, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
E-mail: M.Day@ukoln.ac.uk

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Maintained by Michael Day; of UKOLN, The University of Bath.
Created: 21-Jan-1997, Last updated: 12-Dec-2000. Links checked: 17-Jun-1999.